Role of Diet in Preventing Preterm Birth

Preterm birth, defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, affects approximately 13 per cent of pregnancies in India. Babies born prematurely may face challenges with breathing, feeding, temperature regulation, and long-term developmental outcomes. While some preterm births are caused by medical conditions or factors beyond dietary control, research increasingly shows that nutrition plays a significant role in reducing this risk.

Risk factors for preterm birth include previous preterm delivery, infections, chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension, stress, smoking, and inadequate nutrition. Among these, nutritional deficiencies are one of the most modifiable risk factors, offering an empowering opportunity for expectant mothers to actively support a full-term pregnancy through their dietary choices.

Research published in major medical journals has demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acid intake, particularly DHA and EPA from fish or supplements, is associated with a significant reduction in preterm birth risk. A landmark Cochrane review found that omega-3 supplementation reduced the risk of early preterm birth (before 34 weeks) by approximately 42 per cent.

For women in Visakhapatnam, regular consumption of locally available fatty fish such as sardines, mackerel, and anchovies provides a natural and affordable source of these protective omega-3 fatty acids. For vegetarians, algae-based DHA supplements offer an alternative. Discuss with your doctor whether omega-3 supplementation is appropriate for your individual risk profile.

Chronic inflammation in the body is linked to preterm labour. An anti-inflammatory diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, healthy fats, and lean proteins can help reduce systemic inflammation. Turmeric, a staple of Indian cooking, contains curcumin with powerful anti-inflammatory properties. Ginger, garlic, and green leafy vegetables also offer anti-inflammatory benefits.

Conversely, a diet high in processed foods, refined sugars, trans fats, and excessive red meat can promote inflammation. Reducing consumption of packaged snacks, deep-fried foods, sugary beverages, and processed meats while increasing intake of whole, plant-based foods creates an internal environment that supports carrying your baby to full term.

Iron deficiency anaemia is independently associated with increased preterm birth risk. Maintaining haemoglobin levels above 11 g/dL through iron-rich foods and appropriate supplementation is a key preventive strategy. Folate, beyond its role in preventing neural tube defects, also supports healthy placental function that is essential for sustaining pregnancy to term.

Calcium deficiency has been linked to preeclampsia, which can necessitate early delivery. Ensuring adequate calcium intake of 1,000 milligrams daily from dairy, ragi, and sesame seeds supports both blood pressure regulation and fetal bone development. Vitamin D deficiency has also been associated with preterm birth in several studies, making adequate sun exposure and supplementation important.

Beyond specific nutrients, overall dietary patterns matter. Eating regular, balanced meals prevents blood sugar fluctuations that can trigger uterine irritability. Staying well-hydrated prevents dehydration-related contractions. Maintaining a healthy weight through proper nutrition reduces the mechanical and metabolic stresses associated with both underweight and excessive weight gain.

Manage stress through regular meals, as skipping meals or eating erratically can increase cortisol levels that may contribute to preterm labour. Prioritise food safety to prevent infections such as listeriosis and toxoplasmosis, which can trigger premature delivery. Regular prenatal care at Heamac Healthcare in Visakhapatnam, combined with a thoughtful nutritional approach, provides the strongest foundation for carrying your baby safely to full term.